Micromanagement Management and Leadership Style Essay...

Micromanagement Submitted by Thomas Krell Prepared for MNGT 5000 Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 The Directing Leadership Style†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4 Micromanagement and the Directing Leadership Style†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Reasons for Micromanagement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Alternative Leadership Styles†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 The Participative Leadership Style†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 The Delegating Leadership Style†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 The Transformational Leadership Style†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 The Transactional Leadership Style†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Mitigating Micromanagement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11†¦show more content†¦This can result in a feeling of resentment towards management and slows the pace of work because employees must wait for the micromanager to make decisions for them. Furthermore, micromanagers do not instill leadership qualities in their subordinates. This could result in the creation of a hostile work environment between subordinates and leaders because employees do not have the appropriate space to learn and grow. A more dangerous aspect of micromanagement is being abusive towards employees. Autocratic managers should be cautious not to issue threats, yell or use abusive language towards their employees. This kind of behavior is unprofessional and could reflect badly on the reputation of the manager and lead to disruptions in the office place, a nd worse, a hostile working environment. Although considered the least desirable by most subordinates and managers alike, there is a time and a place for the directing style. For instance; if a manager is given a task in which there is not enough time to explain all of the details or if a manager has a new team or a team of inexperienced subordinates who do not have the training to accomplish goals unsupervised (FM 22-100). Directing employees does allow for maximum control by allowing managers to, â€Å"Constantly correct, guide, advise, counsel and mentor (Rao, 2008)† employees. However, the skilled managerShow MoreRelatedCase Study The Micromanagement By Bronwyn Fryer Essay example1540 Words   |  7 PagesMicromanager By Bronwyn Fryer 1. Is George guilty of micromanaging? Why/why not? Yes, George is guilty of micromanagement. Micromanagement is a management style where a manager closely observes and controls the work of subordinates. This case provides many examples of how George micromanages Shelley and her staff. One example involving micromanagement is when George joined a conversation with Shelly and her staff and underlined what is important for the company and what he wantsRead MoreNurse Leader Interview1613 Words   |  7 Pagespersonal leadership style and how it evolved from a knee jerk style to her current democratic style. Being a nurse leader requires adaptation and flexibility. Administration, Medicare, and certifying organizations require changes to be made frequently to improve patient care. These changes are often tied to service reimbursement, so they must be initiated swiftly. Many difficulties surround the role of leader in today’s health care. Being unprepared for a management role, avoiding micromanagement, andRead MoreDick Spencer Case Essay2766 Words   |  12 PagesThe Dick Spencer case study contains multiple management issues but perhaps the most glaring problem is Dick’s micromanagement approach. This leadership style appears to be having a very negative impact on employee morale. Additionally, Dick’s approach seems to be perpetuating resistance to desired organizational changes. These three problems are not new to organizations, and a great deal of published literature exists that defines, describes and suggests recommendations to help overcome theseRead MoreWolfgang Keller at Konigsbrau-Tak Essay example1048 Words   |  5 Pagesrole of managing director of Konigsbrau subsidiary in the Ukraine. Keller applied his hands on style of management, which brought earning success to the suffering subsidiary. Keller seemed to be on the successful pathway only to realize he had not yet developed leadership skills that would facilitate his relationship with Dmitri Brodsky. Brodsky, the commercial director presented a management style polar opposite to that of Keller. Keller, driven to continued success views Brodsky as the lastRead MoreDiffer ent Types Of Leadership Styles1718 Words   |  7 Pageskinds of leadership styles used to facilitate the actions of others. Mirriam-Webster.com defines leadership as â€Å"a position as a leader of a group, organization, etc†. Another more inclusive definition regarding the leading role is â€Å"managers motivating employees, directing their activities, selecting the most effective communication channels, or resolving conflicts among members† (Robbins, Judge, 2013). If a company or organization suffers from poor, none, or the wrong leadership styles, everyoneRead MoreDick Spencer3150 Words   |  13 Pagesbetween Dick Spencer, a successful businessman and a couple of his friends who were university professors. The conversation of their meeting dwelt on Spencer and the â€Å"management issues† he encountered at Tri-American Company both as an assistant manager in the company and then a plant manager of the Modrow branch. The management style of Spencer was examined in detail by the article and a number of problems that he encountered were revealed. This paper is based on the information provided in the articleRead MoreTotal Quality Management976 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership in Virgin Group Company History: Virgin Group is a diversified grouping of more than 200 privately held companies. The largest of these are Virgin Atlantic Airways, the number two airline in the United Kingdom; Virgin Holidays, a vacation tour operator; Virgin Rail, the second largest U.K. train operator; the Virgin Retail Group, which operates numerous Virgin Megastores, a retail concept featuring videos, music CDs, and computer games; and Virgin Direct, which offers financial servicesRead MoreFoxconn Ethical Analysis Essay813 Words   |  4 Pagesshareholder value, and incorporate an ethical framework, management style is very important.   Management includes using a firms resources in order to conduct various tactics to achieve the firms overall strategy.   Each tactic carried out within a firm needs to have a ethics framework enforced through management to provide the stakeholders with an effective business developed through conscious and sincere decision making. An ethical management style is one that incorporates community building, respectRead MoreReview of Hopkins and Ballons Articles Which Claim Managerial Styles are Paternal and Dictatorial1189 Words   |  5 Pages1998) exemplify managerial styles that are paternal and dictatorial. Bloomberg from the Hopkins article claims to give and expect high levels of loyalty, at least as long as hes the one telling the story. He encourages his employees to think of the company first and foremost, something which Im sure works well for the company but maybe not so much for the employees. The style of Hartnett at Sonic is slightly different, but has the same paternal overtones. His micromanagement of employees lives isRead MoreShould the General Manager Be Fired?3136 Words   |  13 Pagesaware that Chu has shortcoming with team leadership. Despite this shortcoming, the decision was made because he saw no better candidate that compared to her performance track record with the Shanghai branch. After Chu’s appointment as GM, she decided that the biggest problem facing Hangzhou Company was cost control. She focused on lean management and new standard procedures throughout the company. This was a big change from Wang’s slack management style. Conflict quickly arose between Chu and

The Moral Of Moral Agents - 1630 Words

Moral Agents The moral agents in this situation are the parents, the children, and the application developer. The parents are faced with the awkward situation of using the application to track their kids for a multitude of reasons. One of the most apparent reasons would be to use the application with the intent of knowing who their children are interacting with and possibly where they go when they are out of the house. The children do have some possible choices to make regarding this supposed invasion of privacy with varying degrees of moral standing. They could look into using applications that mask their activity or employ the less moral route of removing the software entirely. Finally, the developer himself is in control of the entire scenario since it all hangs on his choice of going forward with the development of the application. After all, if he just refuses to take part in the project and takes the consequences that follow such a choice, he is removed from the discussion entirely. What is at stake? Who/What are the stakeholders? The most obvious stakeholder is the company that develops the application. This company has to balance financial longevity with maintaining a moral and legal standing in society. The primary goal of any software company is to make money and by creating a controversial piece of software, this company is risking a potential loss of revenue in order to be on the bleeding edge of new trends. If there is any sort of public backlash over theShow MoreRelatedThe Moral Agent Is An Individual927 Words   |  4 Pagesout of oppression against less than favorable odds. What it does mean, contrariwise, is that there are things that we do that would prompt some to ponder God. My first example is that we are moral agents; this is to say basically we originate choices. A moral agent is an individual’s ability to make moral judgments based on some notion of correct and incorrect. They are also to be held accountable for all actions. Whil e animals don’t have the option in my opinion of making a choice based offRead MoreThe Role Of Anglo American Acting As A Moral Agent Essay1876 Words   |  8 Pages3.1 The role of Anglo American acting as a moral agent in its mining projects Ethical behaviour Anglo American workers were fired or resigned because of the default in the principles in 2009. The defaults were covered by conflicts of interest, dishonesty, harassment, violence and acts that were likely to result in the disrepute of the company. The company follows an uncompromised rule in maintaining the ethical conduct. Whistle-blowing Whistle-blowing is an independent way of letting the Anglo AmericanRead MoreTaking A Stand: Role As A Moral Agent In Reducing Health1350 Words   |  6 PagesTaking a Stand: Role as a Moral Agent in Reducing Health Care-Associated Infections Victor Amuzie Walden University Online Week 6, Interprofessional Organizational and Systems Leadership (NURS - 6053N - 16) 05/ 7/ 2017 Instructor: Dr. Paula Stechschulte Role as a Moral Agent in Reducing Health Care-Associated Infections Introduction In the past week s discussions, we have discussed so much on the importance of different leadership and managers; likewise, different authors have also emphasizedRead MoreA Brief Note On Track Cellphone Usage And Moral Agents1721 Words   |  7 Pagesto Track Cellphone Usage Moral Agents The moral agents in this situation are the children, the parents and the application developer. The children have a few possible choices that their allowed to make regarding this situation where their privacy is invaded. They could research and look into using applications that will hide their location, their data and other important information the parents might want to know about their kid. Or the children can choose the less moral route of completely removingRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Penelope as Moral Agent in Homer’s Odyssey3049 Words   |  13 PagesIn her essay Penelope as Moral Agent, Helene Foley attempts to discuss Penelope, a major character in Homers the Odyssey, in terms of Classical Athenian portrayals of women and, as her title suggests, in terms of what she calls a moral agent. In her introductory paragraph she lays out guidelines as set down by Aristotle and his contemporaries that constitute a moral agent: the character must make an ethical and moral de cision on which the actions turns...without critical knowledge of the circumstancesRead MoreCorporations Are Moral Agents and Have Obligations Which Go Beyond Obeying the Law.Doc1485 Words   |  6 Pagesmission statements and company objectives. This leaves us with one assertion that is that corporations do have some level of obligation towards society’s morality; however, the corporation itself is not a moral agent (Klaus M. Leisinger). The discussion that follows is about corporations being moral agents or otherwise; however I will reach a conclusion that corporations do have an obligation that extends beyond obeying the law; evens so this obligation have been derived from the corporations quest forRead MoreCorporations Are Moral Agents and Have Obligations Which Go Beyond Obeying the Law.Doc1479 Words   |  6 Pagesmission statements and company objectives. This leaves us with one assertion that is that corporations do have some level of obligation towards society†™s morality; however, the corporation itself is not a moral agent (Klaus M. Leisinger). The discussion that follows is about corporations being moral agents or otherwise; however I will reach a conclusion that corporations do have an obligation that extends beyond obeying the law; evens so this obligation have been derived from the corporations quest forRead MoreFrankenstein784 Words   |  4 Pagesbeautiful and wonderful forms include true moral agents who respond to real moral facts and who form a natural moral community. Their existence contributes to the grandeur of Darwin’s evolutionary view of life. What is a moral agent? A moral agent is a decision maker who chooses between right and wrong and is, therefore, morally responsible for his acts. In this essay I will argue that creature in Marry Shelly’s novel Frankenstein is not a moral agent. The monster in Marry Shelly’s novel FrankensteinRead MoreMoral Relativism : Moral, Relativism, And Moral Appraiser Relativism890 Words   |  4 Pages Moral Relativism is the belief that the way actions are judged is relative to culture. Without something to reference an action to, or a set of standards to determine what is right and what is wrong, we would have no way of evaluating actions. It makes no sense to say that a dog is absolutely and universally large. We can only say that it may be large when compared to a Chihuahua or when compared to a Great Dane. In this same respect, it makes no sense to say that an action is absolutely, universallyRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Integrity Objection1336 Words   |  6 Pagesproposed by Bernard Williams in 1973. It problematizes consequentialist moral philosophy on the grounds that it forces an agent to forfeit their ‘integrity’ – their character and personal values – in order to follow an impartial moral calculus. When an agent performs an action which is morally correct according to a consequentialist calculation, they may experience guilt, sadness, or other negative emotions despite the moral rightness of what they did. Utilitarianism considers such feelings irrelevant

Identification Of An Unknown Sample Of Bacteria †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Identification Of An Unknown Sample Of Bacteria. Answer: Introduction Background and Significance of the Study One of the important aspects of the microbiology is identification of the unknown bacterial sample. One of the basic and the sole pillar of the bacterial identification, which have been used in microbiology since time immemorial is Grams staining. It classifies bacteria into two groups, gram positive and gram negative based on their cell wall composition. However, with the advancement of technology and research, several different methods and procedures have been elucidated into order to classify the bacteria on the basis of their shape, presence of flagella, endospore, fermenting capability and also on the basis of oxygen requirement or respiration (aerobic and aneorobic bacteria). Aim of the Study The aim of the study is to elucidate identify unknown bacterial sample based on the application of the several microbiogical identification techniques. Objectives The aim objective of the study is to identify the gram positive/negative strain of the bacteria, Identify the external outline of the bacteria, Identify the lactose fermenting capacity of the bacteria, Identify the peroxidase activity of the bacteria, Identify whether the bacteria is facultative anaerobe, anaerobe, obligate anaerobe or aerobic bacteria. Differential staining and the use of differential media help to identify specific group or bacteria amidst different strains of bacteria. A bacterium can react differently with nutrient s provided in the differential media and thus helps in the identification. Differential techniques to identify bacteria had been used, like Eosin methylene blue plates, Mannitol agar tests, catalase oxidation and the oxidase tests, depending upon the ability of the unknown bacteria to perform the catalase activity. The experiment further focuses on the oxidative fermentation of the facultative anaerobe that helps to identify the bacteria. The fermentat ive property of the bacteria has a wide range of application in the fermentative industry. They have a wide range of application in the food, beverage, and bakery and breweries industry. The process of fermentation is used in the food processing industry for converting carbohydrates into alcohol. Microorganisms such as yeast or bacteria that employ anaerobic respiration are used in this process. Widely consumed fermented foods that are processed by bacteria are vinegar, cheese, yoghurt. Escherichia coli are used for the production of ethanol, lactate, succinate and acetate. Methods In this method the bacteria has been subjected to differential staining. Differential staining is normally done to identify a specific strain of bacteria in comparison to the other bacteria. Different types of bacteria can have different types of reactions with the particular type of stains used. Few techniques that have been used in the identification of the unknown bacteria have been provided. Confirmatory tests Eosin methylene blue plates- Eosin Methylene blue is used to determine the gram negative enteric rod shaped bacteria hence gram positive and gram negative bacteria can be distinguished from the following differential staining. Eosin and methylene blue helps in inhibiting the growth of the gram positive bacteria and helps to identify the gram negatives (Wills et al.2014). The two dyes present in this stain helps to indicate the lactose fermentors and the non lactose fermenters. The lactose fermentors produce colonies with clear borders and dark centers. The non lactose fermentors form colorless colonies. Mannitol agar- The mannitol agar can be used to identify the staphylococci group of bacteria. Staphyloccoccus bacteria cannot use mannitol as their nuytrient and hence produce colorless colonies (Hemraj et al.2013). The group of bacteria that can utilize mannitol can turn the mannitol agar plate yellow and hence can be identified. Catalase oxidation- Some bacteria produces flavoprotiens that can bring about reduction of oxygen with the production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide. These free radicals are harmful and they can destroy the bacterial cells (Hemraj et al.2013). There are certain obligate and facultative anaerobes that contain the enzyme superoxide dismutase that helps in the destruction of the super oxide and they can also produce catalase or peroxidase that neutralizes the hydrogen peroxide (Borisov et al.2013) This catalase activity can be detected by the addition of the hydrogen peroxide a substrate to tryptic soy agar slant. A bacteria producing catalase will be able to produce oxygen case which can be determined by the bubbles released. This is recognized as a useful method in detecting the catalytic activity of bacteria. 2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2 (Action of Superoxide dismutase) 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 (Action of Peroxidase) Oxidase- The oxidase cytochrome test involves addition of an oxygen test strip containing tetramethyl-p-phenylenediaminedihydrocholoride or an Oxidase Disk, p-amino-dimethylaniline. The oxidase test reagent is light pink in color and acts as the substrate and donates electrons to the cytochrome oxidase produced by the bacteria, which can turn the strip to dark purple due to the presence of free oxygen. A dark purple coloration is the indication of positive result. Oxidation fermentation Test- This test was done to differentiate between the gram positive and the gram-negative bacteria on the basis glucose fermentation (Hemraj et al. 2013). Further concentration of the bacteria has been measure by diluting them and measuring the optical density at 660 nm. Results- General Observation The nutrient agar plate over which the unknown bacterial sample was grown overnight at 37 degree centigrade in the incubator showed that the bacteria colonies are circular in shape with a convex elevation and a smooth outer margin. Gram staining observation of the unknown sample Pink coloured colonies had been found which determines gram-negative bacteria. Metabolic profiling: In the Eosin methylene blue agar, the unknown sample showed growth with a greenish metallic sheen, which indicates Escherichia coli bacteria, which has been able to ferment lactose. In the Mannitol agar plate, the unknown inoculums showed no change in color. Catalase activity: Bubbles were formed on the plates as soon as it is reacted with the hydrogen peroxide indicating catalase activity of the bacteria. Oxidase activity: The oxidase test reagent showed a dark purple color which indicated a positive test for the bacteria having the oxidase enzyme. Oxidation/Fermentation test: Table 1 If the open assay produces yellow coloration then it gives indication that the organism has oxidized as well as fermented. A green coloration signifies no reaction with the glucose. For closed assay, yellow coloration indicates fermentation and a green colour signifies that the bacteria has not reacted with the glucose and has not oxidized. Yellow result is obtained in the unknown sample both in the open and in the closed assay which is same as that of Escherichia coli which indicates that the bacteria is Escherichia coli. No Oil (open assay) Oil (closed assay) Result yellow green Oxidation of glucose yellow yellow Fermentation of glucose green green no action on glucose Table 2 It can be seen that the colonies obtained from the unknown sample is same as that of the Escherichia coli. The orange colored colonies are due to the production of gluconic acid. The orange colour at the top indicates that the fermentation has occurred at the top due to oxidation and no glucose utilization had taken place at the bottom. Name of the bacteria With paraffin Without Paraffin Bifidobacterium Orange colour, colonies visible All green colored colonies Pseudomonas fluorescens Green colonies, no colour visible Orange top , green bottom Escherichia coli Green on bottom, orange on top colonies Orange on top, green at the bottom, Unknown bacteria Green on bottom, orange on top, Escherichia coli colonies visible Orange on top and green at the bottom , colonies visible Table 3 The spectrometric results obtained are as follows- It can be seen as the dilution increases the absorbance at 600 nm decreases as the concentration of bacteria decreases. Dilution Absorbance(600 nm) 0.224 0.141 1/8 0.100 1/16 0.075 Results The unknown bacterial sample showed round colonies with convex elevation and a continuous margin. This signifies that the margin of the unknown bacterial sample is smooth and continuous (Harrigan, Wilkie and Margaret 2014). The gram staining of the isolated single concave bacterial colony provided pink color, indicating gram-negative strain of bacteria (Carter et al 2012). The stained slide when viewed under the light microscope, it showed a tubular structure and no motility was detected. The gram-negative rod was then subjected to metabolic profiling in order to detect the lactose fermentation. When plated over Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar, the gram-negative bacterial sample provided metallic green to blue colour colonies (positive result). The blue color signified that the gram-negative bacterial sample is successful in fermenting lactose. This lactose fermenting gram negative rod was then plated over the mannitol agar and no colour change was observed. This test acts as a secon d confirmatory test, proving that is a gram negative rod and not a gram negative Staphylococcus coccus (Bautista-Trujillo et al. 2013). The lactose fermenting gram negative rod is then checked for the catalaze activity and it showed positive results with the emission of bubbles, indicating the bacterial sample has active catalaze or peroxidase enzyme enzyme and hence do not fall into the category of the strict anerobes (Iwase et al. 2013). The oxidation fermentation test proved that the bacterium is facultative anaerobe. The unknown bacterial sample reacted in the same way as that of the Escherichia coli in the both the open (no paraffin oil attached at the top) and at the closed (paraffin oil taached) systems. This indicates that the unknown bacterial sample could be Escherichia coli. Important Findings The importance of the findings showed that the bacteria is gram negative in nature and that means it has thin layer of peptidoglycan with an outer layer of thick Lipo-polysaccharide membrane (LPS). In EMB agar, the Eosin Y and methylene blue are pH indicator it distinguish between lactose fermenting and nonlactose fermenting bacteria. The lactose fermenters produce dark colonies with clear borders while the non-lactose fermenters produce colourless colonies. The importance of Mannitol salt agar test lies in the fact that it hsowed that the sample is not Staphylococci. Mannitol-using bacteria produce yellow colour and the bacteria which do not use Mannitol shows no change in the colony (De Visscher et al. 2014). The importance of catalse test is, the bacteria, which contains flavoproteins reduce oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or superoxide (O2-). H2O2 is an extremely toxic oxidising agent that destroys the cellular constituents. Obligate aerobes/facultative anaerobes contains enzymes, superoxide dismutase that catalyses H2O2 into harmless water and oxygen. 2O2- + 2H+ O2 + H2O2 (enzyme: Superoxide dismutase) 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 (enzyme: Catalase or peroxidise) Such catalase production and activity can be detected by using substrate for H2O2 or the oxygen thus produced emits bubbles giving the positivity of the test (Hemraj et al. 2012). The importance of the oxidase test helps in the identification of the bacteria that has cytochrome C oxidase activity and finally the importance of the oxidation and fermentation reaction. The oxidative-fermentative (OF) test was first developed by the famous microbiologist Hugh and Leifson in the year of 1953. They developed OF media in order to differentiate between the oxidative bacteria (that is capable of producing acid from carbohydrates (glucose to pyruvic acid) under strict aerobic condition or supply of oxygen only) and fermentative bacteria (that is capable of producing acid both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions). The principle of PF test is the gram-negative rods metabolize glucose into pyruvate via fermentation or by aerobic respiration (oxidatively). During the anaerobic respiration, pyruvate is converted into weak acids (pyruvic acids) depending on the type of fermentation. This high concentration of acid produced as a result of the fermentation, turns the bromthy mol blue indicator in the OF media from green to yellow. The non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria metabolize glucose via aerobic respiration and thus produce weak acids during glycolysis and hence produce difference in colour. They also fail to survive in the absence of oxygen and fail to undergo fermentation (Bhuyar et al. 2012). The process of fermentation is used in the food processing industry for converting carbohydrates into alcohol. Microorganisms such as yeast or bacteria that employ anaerobic respiration are used in this process. Widely consumed fermented foods that are processed by bacteria are vinegar, cheese, yoghurt. Escherichia coli are used for the production of ethanol, lactate, succinate and acetate (Frster, Andreas and Johannes et al. 2014). Conclusion Thus from the above study, it can be concluded that the unknown bacterial sample is Escherichia coli. The bacteria is gram negative and features rod shape. The bacterium is also show to give positive result in the oxidation/fermentation reaction. Gaps in the research There are several gaps in the identification study. In the future research procedure, there must be provision or steps to determine the external configuration of the bacteria with the help of the background staining or negative staining (Murray et al. 2015), determination of the flagella (live staining) and endospore (with the help of the endospore staining) (Mahon et al. 2014). References Bautista-Trujillo, G. U., J. L. Solorio-Rivera, I. Renteria-Solorzano, S. I. Carranza-German, J. A. Bustos-Martinez, R. I. Arteaga-Garibay, V. M. Baizabal-Aguirre, M. Cajero-Juarez, A. Bravo-Patino, and J. J. Valdez-Alarcon. "Performance of culture media for the isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis."Journal of medical microbiology62, no. 3 (2013): 369-376. Bhuyar, G., S. Jain, H. Shah, and V. K. Mehta. "Urinary tract infection by Chryseobacterium indologenes."Indian journal of medical microbiology30, no. 3 (2012): 370. Borisov, Vitaliy B., Elena Forte, Albert Davletshin, Daniela Mastronicola, Paolo Sarti, and Alessandro Giuffr. "Cytochrome bd oxidase from Escherichia coli displays high catalase activity: an additional defense against oxidative stress."FEBS letters587, no. 14 (2013): 2214-2218. Carter, Grace R., and John R. Cole Jr, eds.Diagnostic procedure in veterinary bacteriology and mycology. Academic Press, 2012. De Visscher, Anneleen, Freddy Haesebrouck, Sofie Piepers, Wannes Vanderhaeghen, Karlien Supr, F. Leroy, E. Van Coillie, and Sarne De Vliegher. "Assessment of the suitability of mannitol salt agar for growing bovine-associated coagulase-negative staphylococci and its use under field conditions."Research in veterinary science95, no. 2 (2013): 347-351. El-Hadedy, Doaa, and Salwa Abu El-Nour. "Identification of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from Egyptian food by conventional and molecular methods."Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology10, no. 1 (2012): 129-135. Harrigan, Wilkie F., and Margaret E. McCance.Laboratory methods in microbiology. Academic press, 2014. Hemraj, Vashist, S. H. A. R. M. A. Diksha, and G. U. P. T. A. Avneet. "A review on commonly used biochemical test for bacteria."Innovare Journal of Life Science1, no. 1 (2013): 1-7. Hemraj, Vashist, S. H. A. R. M. A. Diksha, and G. U. P. T. A. Avneet. "A review on commonly used biochemical test for bacteria."Innovare Journal of Life Science1, no. 1 (2013): 1-7. Iwase, Tadayuki, Akiko Tajima, Shinya Sugimoto, Ken-ichi Okuda, Ippei Hironaka, Yuko Kamata, Koji Takada, and Yoshimitsu Mizunoe. "A simple assay for measuring catalase activity: a visual approach."Scientific reports3 (2013): 3081. Mahon, Connie R., Donald C. Lehman, and George Manuselis.Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014. Murray, Patrick R., Ken S. Rosenthal, and Michael A. Pfaller.Medical microbiology. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015. Prescott, Lansing M., J. P. Harley, and D. A. Klein. "Microbiology. 5th."McGrawJHill Higher Education(2005). Willis, A. Trevor.Anaerobic bacteriology: clinical and laboratory practice. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2014.